The Exxon Valdez oil tanker tragedy in Alaska - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2529 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Uncategorized Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? 1. Abstract This case study extracts the oil spilled tragedy caused by an oil tanker named Exxon Valdez owned by Exxon Mobil Corporation at 1989. In this industrial accident, there were total amount of 11 million of crude oil spilled in the Prince William Sound, located at Alaska region. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Exxon Valdez oil tanker tragedy in Alaska" essay for you Create order Because of this incident, the residents in Alaska are facing unprecedented ecological and financial damaged ever. This case study will carry out the details of the oil spilled incident effect to all the related field, examines the response of Exxon Mobil Corporation to deal with the accident happened and also the compensation to the victims. Apart from this, this case study will also look into the safety precaution of Exxon Mobil Corporation to avoid such oil spilled disaster from happened again and also improvements and changes of corporation management system to deal with the unexpected emergency when it strikes again. 2. Introduction On March 23, 1989, Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker loaded with 53,094,510 gallons (1,264,155 barrels) of North Slope crude oil [1] owned by Exxon Mobil Corporation had left the Alaska terminal at Alaska Standard Time, 9:12pm heading to Long Beach, California. The total of Exxon Valdez crew is 19 persons including the Captain (Joseph Hazelwood), Second Mate (Lloyd Lecain) and Third Mate (Gregory Cousins), Chief Mate (James R. Kunkel), Marine Pilot (William Murphy), Chief Engineer (Jerry Glowacki), Radio Officer (Joel Roberson) and lookout (Maureen Jones) etc. On March 24, 1989, the tragedy happened in Alaska, United Sate. The Exxon Valdez had encountered some technical error thus ran aground and finally leads to a famous tragedy, Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Disaster. Eight of eleven cargo tanks, 10.8 million gallons of crude oil being spill in just a short period of time when Exxon Valdez on the way heading toward to California. This large area oil spilled had affected a large number of i slands in Prince William Sound. Throughout the investigation of National Transportation Safety Board on the oil spill accident, there are several causes and factor lead to crashing of the Exxon Valdez. Firstly, proper navigation instruction do not provide by Captain Hazelwood to enhance the shipping process. Secondly, Third Mate Cousins do not steer the ship safely while on duty. Thirdly, Exxon does not provide sufficient crew for the shipment and fail to supervise the Captain about the duty. On the other hand, the third party, US coast guards fail to provide an effective vessel system to Exxon Valdez and lack of effective pilot and escort services on Exxon Valdez shipment. According to the research, this incident had covered approximate 1500 miles of the Alaska coastline and eventually leading to death of marine mammals and animals, birds and countless fish. Due to lack of oil spilled response, not prepared to deal with in sudden disaster; the initial response to handle the d isaster and clean-up efforts was extremely slow, eventually lead to rapid spread of the oil spilled. The world were disappointed, especially Alaskas resident. 3 3. Aim and Objectives of Exxon Mobil Corporation Exxon Mobil Corporation was a leading oil exploration and production company in the world. As they committed to being the worlds premier in petroleum and petrochemical company, they must achieve excellent financial and operating results continuously and at the same time follow the ethical standards [2]. They delivering safe, improve the energy efficiency, maximize the value of resources and therefore generate the maximum benefit for resources owners, society and their shareholders. In order to generate the maximum benefit for all aspects, Exxon Mobil Corporation had set a principle to guide their relationships with their shareholders, customers, employees and also the communities. Firstly, Exxon enhance their shareholders to be rewarded with superior returns through their long term investment with running the business profitably and responsibly. Secondly, they always fulfill their ever changing customer preferences; they always innovative and responsive but still maintain high q uality product and services at competitive prices. Thirdly, Exxon retain the most qualified people and maximize their success through a series of training and development and offer them a safe work environment, trust and fair treatment. Fourthly, Exxon dedicated to perform safe and environmentally responsible operations, they maintain high ethical standards, obey all the laws, rules, regulations, local and national culture in the entire place they operate worldwide. Exxon Mobil Corporation had cover several aspect in their business, such as exploration, development, production, natural gas and power marketing, refining and supply, fuels marketing, lubricants and specialties, chemical etc [3]. In order to be at leading edge in every aspect of business, Exxon always improves their productivity and efficiency through learning, sharing and even practices. Besides, they keep on develop new technologies as to provide a competitive edge to achieve their aims, targets and perfectly execu te companys business plan in all the related aspects and fields. 4 4. Oil Refinery Industrial Processes and Operations Unprocessed crude oils are useless, oil refinery process is an industrial process that those crude oil being processed and convert or refined into more useful form of petroleum or petrochemical products [4]. Examples of the refinery petroleum products are heating oil, lubricating oils, gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), paraffin wax, tar and also asphalt base. As usual, large sprawling extensive piping carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units is the typical type of oil refineries. During the oil refinery process, the raw material, crude oil is being separate into a series of fractions by fractional distillation. Fractional distillation is the process that the chemical components in crude oils are being separate according to their boiling point respectively. In this process, the top column always will be low boiling point (lighter chemical component) while higher boiling point (heavier chemical component) at the bottom. Durin g distillation process, the crude oils initially are heated at bottom part and then it will crack into lighter and more useful product upward. Diagram 1 show the flow process and fractionating column level in fractional distillation process. Diagram 1 5 Various structures of oil have different properties and uses. The purpose of refining process is to separating and purifying them. There are a series of flow and step of common process units in refinery operation. Diagram 2 Diagram 2 depicts the various unit processes schematic flow diagram between the initial crude oil inlet and the final end product [5]. 6 Firstly, salt washed out by a desalted unit and entering atmospheric distillation unit to distill into fraction. Afterward, the vacuum distillation unit will continue to distill the residual bottoms. Secondly, naphtha must desulfurized by hydrotreater with hydrogen before entering the catalytic reformer unit. In catalytic reformer unit, naphtha boiling range molecules will convert into higher octane product and hydrogen will released as byproduct. After that, distillates will desulfurized by hydrotreater. The Fluid Catalytic Cracker unit will upgrade the heavier fractions into more valuable upper fraction pr oducts. Thirdly, thermal cracking unit upgrades heavy residual oils to valuable, lighter and viscosity reduced product. Kerosene, LPG and jet fuel oxidized to organic disulfides by the merox unit. For heavier residual oils, coking units process them into diesel fuel and gasoline, leaving petroleum coke as residual, gasoline blending is performed by alkylation unit to produces high octane component. Next, production of hydrogen to hydrotreater and hydrocracker is done by steam reforming unit and gaseous fuels being store at suitable pressure to maintain the liquefied gas storage. In order to smoothen the refinery process, utility like cooling tower, boiler plant, instrument air systems, electric substation, waste water collection and treating system are necessary. Finally, unwanted materials were removed by solvent refining units with solvent. On the other hand, heavy waxy constituents removed by solvent dewaxing. 7 5. Risk in All Areas The environmental analysis show this oil spilled could lead to a serious global oil crisis.. Global oil industry suffered by the impact of oil spill due to shortage problem as they losing too much crude oil for oil refinery process. Besides, fuel prices are highly affected by this incident and carry high volatility to future fuel market. No matter for short term or long term, there was an obvious economic effect, the economic collapses lead to a series of side effects. The main economic aspect that experienced unprecedented impact was the fisheries of South Central Alaska. Fisheries were the main livelihood at the area and being affected after the spilled crisis. Most of the fisheries stocks like salmon and herring in that area play the important role to provide the means of livelihood for the regions small communities. All of the stocks damaged due to the leakage by the Exxon Valdez and causes suffer and life crisis nearby residents. The fisheries area being shut down in 1989, nearby residents are badly affected and suffered in heavy economic losses. As the seafood price drop [6], fisheries market and local economy collapse in sudden and eventually lead to few tragedy suicide case. On the other hand, the oil spilled disaster also causes the loss of recreational sport at that incident region or nearby city [7]. This brings a huge negative impact to local tourism and causing uncountable loss. This results in losing confident by worldwide tourist to have a visit on the vacation spot. This phenomenon leads to reduced in tourists and deterioration of the tourism industry in just blink of an eye. 8 6. Consequences of Oil Spill Disaster Oil spill accident can lead to various serious consequences to living things. It affects the entire entire field and all the related area and destroys our natural ecological balance. During the incident, the leaked oil spread quickly and soon will covered large area. According to research, a single gallon of crude oil is able to pollute a couple of acres in size. Exxon Valdez had leak out a huge amount that spread extremely quickly with the help of wind and soon covered 580 square miles in just 3 days. When crude oil leaked into the ocean and mixed with water, this will change its composition to become a substance called mousse which defined as a sticky substance that will clings with whatever matter that come contact with it [8]. The mousse was a dangerous killer to marine life as they do not know to avoid and even be attracted with it as it resemble food therefore when they closer, they will stickled to it and dying. The data recorded by EVOSTC shows estimation of 250,000 s eabirds, 2800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles, 22 orca (killer whales), billions of salmon and herring eggs been kill during the spill [9]. According to Charles E. Ophardt, density is a physical property of matter which defined as a qualitative manner as the measure of the relative heaviness of objects with a constant volume [10]. During oil spilled, crude oil will floats on the surface since it is less dense, therefore the layer will block the oxygen supply into the sea and eventually cause death. For flying animal, the mousse can break down their capabilities of feathers and compromises their flying ability as they flew to the surface of sea for food hunt. They will stick on it and due to malfunction of wing, they finally drowning. Besides, if the underwater marine animals digest some spilled oil, it would be more dangerous as the toxins can be bringing in their system and going to further poisoning the whole food web among the living thing as a cycle. This phenomenon continues to carry out a series of damaged of immune systems and airways, causes breeding; fouling interruption and even thinner the animals larvae and egg shells then bring to deformities. On the other hand, waterway ecosystems also affected by the tainted of algae at the oil spill coverage. 9 7. Improvement and Changes of Management System As the United State government and Exxon Mobil Corporation do not have an effective system to deal with crisis, the cleaning process go slow, the oil spill spread quickly and soon huge area covered. In 1992, the United State coast guard only declared that the clean up process of oil spilled complete. The long term cleaning process indicates the severity of the oil spill disaster and imagines how large the coverage of oil spilled at Alaska region was. After this painful lesson, Exxon found that an effective system is necessary to deal with those unexpected accident to ensure the rapid response to be taken when crisis happened again. Therefore, they have reform the companys operational management system in order to prevent and response quickly to future incidents. At first, as to safeguard the employees, worldwide operating communities and also the environmental, Exxon has redouble its long time commitment with a series of reformation and prevention action. In order to reduc e human error, Exxon has increases the individual accountability and emphasis on equipment reliability in daily activities. Besides, they increasing their infrastructure inspections and perform a series of training as to address the high spill risk area. Second, Exxon modify the companys recruitment system, they give priority to hire high qualified crew to protect and secure the shipping process in order to meet the shift arrangement for crew member to ensure they obtain sufficient rest and always in the best state at any time. Apart from this, they entrusts restricted safety sensitive position to crew member who never have substance abuse history. Prevention is always better than cure, Exxon also applying the implementation of drug and alcohol test on crew for safety reason during pre-shipping. Third, Exxon carry out frequently periodic assessment, checking and maintenance on companys oil tanker. This ensures the facilities in optimum performance and well functioned. Moreover , Exxon had increase the intensity of crew training to strengthening the crisis management of captain, pilot and crew member. Furthermore, Exxon often apply new technology and navigation system to improve shipping process and ensure the integrity of oil containment systems, they also frequently modified the oil tanker shipping route to more secure way to enhance the shipping and as a prevention to such unforgettable disaster again. In order to more quickly response to any unexpected situation, an emergency response centre was established by Exxon to handle all the unexpected accident. Besides, they also improved response capability by developed and applied new spill-detecting technology and frequently launching extensive oil spill drills at Exxon Mobil locations worldwide. In addition, Exxon Mobil Corporation becomes a founding member of every major oil spill response center worldwide and the involvement of Exxon employees in oil spill response teams worldwide have exceed 1000 pe ople. 10 8. Summary The Exxon Valdez has making history by posses the largest settlement on damage to the natural resources. Exxon was fined for the largest fine ever imposed for an environmental crime which is 150 million. Besides, the company also pays approximately 100 million for the injuries caused to wildlife. In 1991, the United State Federal Court approved to establish the amount of 900 million restoration fund that payable over a 10 years period for restoration the incident place purpose. EVOSTC was set up to oversee and to coordinate the restoration efforts. Through the Exxon Valdez, all relevant units are well prepared and ready to face any future crisis no matter for Exxon or related oil company and even the United State government. Although there is a delayed and slow effort to deal with this incident at initial, but Exxon Mobil Corporation has show to the world that they learn from mistake, and they focus on every preventive measure to accident in future. 11

The Food And Drug Administration - 843 Words

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved naltrexone in 1994 to assist in the treatment of alcohol dependence (Mark et. al, 2003). According to multiple studies of various sizes the medication has been proven to be highly beneficial in assisting with alcohol withdrawal and relapse (Leavitt, 2002; Rohsenow, 2004; Williams, 2005). With the approval of the FDA and the backing of many studies, why is this wonder drug not being more widely used? The following will address how naltrexone works and how it compares to other medications used in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Also included is the reasoning behind the professional hesitance in prescribing naltrexone. The Beginning and its Workings Naltrexone was the first medication in fifty years to be approved and marketed for the purpose of treating alcohol dependence (Mark et. al, 2003). Most commonly known as ReVia, the medication is recommended for use in conjunction with psychosocial therapy (KAP, 2010; Leavitt, 2002). The original purpose of naltrexone was for the treatment of opioid addictions such as morphine or other opiate drugs. Eventually, its benefits to those who are alcohol dependent became apparent. The medication works for alcohol dependence as it does for opiate addiction. As an opioid antagonist, naltrexone removes the reward or the ‘high’ when alcohol is consumed by blocking the opioids in the brain (Substance Abuse, 2012). By blocking the endogenous opioids in the brain, the medication hasShow MoreRelatedThe Food And Drug Administration1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is best known for its role on protecting the health of the public by making sure that food, medications are safe and effective. Especially when it comes to the pharmaceutical industry, its mission is to regulate pharmaceutical manufacturers, as well as the drug approval process. However, in the recent years, many arguments and controversy regarding drug development and regulation have risen. 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Aunt Rosanas Rocker

Aunt Rosanas Rocker-hispanic-a Essay Aunt Rosanas RockerAs times change, everything changes with it. The rolesthat women take on have changed in certain cultures, but insome cultures they have remained the same. Before, men weretreated with more respect and superiority, while women hadno voices or say in the events that took place in theirsociety. Today, there are situations where men are takenmore seriously than women, but slowly, women are beingtreated with respect and play an active role in theircommunity and have involved themselves within theircommunity. In certain cases the roles never change becausethe people do not change along with the society. In thosecases, the roles are usually permanent because of theircharacter or personalities and how they were raised. Theways that some people were raised and their environment arethe direct cause to why they may be the way they are. AuntRosanas Rocker; by Nicholasa Mohr presents a story where itdiscusses the lives of a married couple and how they arestruggling with issues that involve not only the marriage,but themselves. In a way, it does not directly talk aboutthe different roles they play, but it can be seen andunderstood through the events that take place and throughthe way the characters act. Castro, who is one of the main characters of the storyis married to Zoraida. Zoraidas husband, Castro, is thehead of the family and is the one who is working andsupporting the family. He had even considered sleeping onthe living room couch, but he would not be driven out of hisown bed. He was still a man after all, a macho, master ofhis home, someone to be reckoned with, not be pushed out.; (Aunt Rosanas Rocker pg. 81) Castro is a masculine figureand takes on the role of the husband. He supports and takescare of his family, but the character thinks of himself morethan a caretaker. He is prideful and arrogant. As a malefigure it is understandable that they may take on the roleof someone who is confident and strong, but Castro takes ita step further by implying that he is the only one who iscapable of handling matters and is someone who only thinksabout himself. There would be times that Castro would be portrayed assomeone who is patient and understanding, but underneaththat disguise h e was a man who had intentions and only caredfor his own well being. Putting down his hands, Castroopened his eyes. All he could do was wait patiently, as healways did, wait for her to finish.; (Aunt Rosanas Rockerpg. 81) He had no slept properly since this whole affairstarted. After all, he had to drive out to New Jersey toearn his living and his strength and sleep were being sappedaway. (pg. 81) He would even tell his family good thingsabout his wife, but he was only doing so that he couldbenefit from it. As a male figure, Castro wanted control andwanted to have control of others. Every time I go nearher at night, or two or three in the morning, she relaxes. He raised his hand and slammed the table, God damnedchair!;; He couldnt control Zoraidas sickness and make herstop going to the rocking chair. He could not comprehendwhat she was emotionally feeling and the issues that she hadwith him and herself. He became even more upset because hedid not understand why some of the things th at she did werenot the ways she treated him. To think my handsome, healthy son, who could have hadany girl he wanted, picked this one.; (pg. 89) The waythat Castro was raised helped him to be the way he was. Hismothers mentality of how his son was so handsome and betterthan others may have caused Castro to think that he wassuperior to others. He may be receiving his confidencethrough this mother or it may be that he truly feels that heis man of many qualities and talents. In a way, the issuesthat he is having with his wife and how he constantly bringsup the idea that he is macho; can be from his insecurity. He may not be feeling man enough or may be even feeling thathe isnt being taken care of. Its a way to attractattention and to be the center of attention. In this story,there is a part where he doesnt understand why she doesntfeel certain things with him. Castro remembered how shealways urged him to hurry, be quiet, and get it over with,on account of the children. A lot she cares about himtonight! Never in all their years of marriage had she everuttered such sounds-he shook his head-or shown any passionor much interest in doing it.; (pg. 82) Men believe thatthey need to take on the role of a masculine figure, and tobe the best. Through his macho; attitude, he is portrayinghis insecurity indirectly. Physically he may be powerfuland strong, but his mind may be powerless. Zoraida on the other hand is seen very timid and weak,but inside she is a woman who contains much strength andendurance. And, shes like, well, like a little sticksparrow flirting with death and having the upperhand. Quietly stubborn, you know? Now at all submissive like itmight seem to just anybody looking at Zoraida. Its more asif nobodys gonna make the sparrow healthy, but it aintgonna die eitherlike its got the best of both world,see?; (pg. 85) Not even knowing who she was Castro wasable to figure out how Zoraida was. This is what attractedCastro to Zoraida in the beginning. Her role as a w oman was to be a mother and a wife. .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 , .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 .postImageUrl , .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 , .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90:hover , .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90:visited , .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90:active { border:0!important; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90:active , .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90 .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub2beb12fcd88b63219aa44cf0b1c3c90:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Dream Vacation EssayShes clean, hardworking and obedient.; (pg. 89) Zoraidatakes on her role as a housewife and finds herself onlybeing a housewife. She is powerless and shy when dealingwith her family. Go ahead. Answer, por Dios!; I;Zoraida cleared her throat in an effort to speak louder.; Since her husband is so loud and bold and the opposite fromher, her way of expressing or dealing with life is throughthe rocking chair and through the sexual dreams that she hadat night. She looked over at the empty space near thewindow. It was gone. She wouldnt be able to sit thereanymore and meet all her suitors and be beautiful.; (pg. 95) Her rocking chair was a part of her and was a part ofher imaginary world that she created after she stoppedhaving the sexual dreams. For her to create this imaginaryworld, she was lacking something from her husband or fromlife. Although her husband is a hard worker, he does notmake her happy. This is where she is in control and whereshe can be the most happy and away from all her troubles. Lately, it had become the one place where she felt shecould be herself, where she could really be free.; (pg. 94) She could never be who she really wanted to be because ofher husband. She was slowly giving up and withdrawing fromher family and life itself. As a woman, you are to be strong, but Zoraida wasntstrong. She depended on a rocking chair to get through herlife troubles. She could not even depend on her own husbandwho is supposed to be the male figure in her life. Zoraidas mother on the other hand was different from herown daughter. The relationship that her parents have aremuch differen t, they depend on each other and look to eachother for support. Listen to me,; Don Isidro spoke in afirm voice, if its the chair that bothers you, then welltake it back home with us. Right, Mama?; He turned to DonaClara who nodded emphatically. There should be noobjection to that, eh?; (pg. 93) Seeing this, her parentshave a balanced relationship where one or the other does nothave more power in the family. Looking at it from a different point of view, the wayshe was raised could be a factor in why she was so shy andquiet. But, he too was lucky to get our Zoraida. Afterall, we brung her up proper and right.; (pg. 90) Growingup, Zoraida may have been pampered and well taken care ofespecially since she was born premature. The miraclebaby,; they had said, Mr. Cuesta, your daughter is amiracle. She should not be alive.; (pg. 90) Hearing this,any parent would have given their best to their child forthe reason that their own child may have not made it. Sincetheir child was born premature, this could be a reason whyshe is so thin. Don Isidro sighed, the mother of threechildren and she hasnt filled out she still have thebody of a twelve-year old. Well, after all, she was bornpremature, weighing only two pounds at birth.; (pg. 90) Herthin like appearance can give people the impression that sheis weak physically and weak mentally. This could have beenthe cause of why she was quiet and reserved. Appearances and personalities play a huge role of howthe man and the woman will respond and how they will betreated. Some people are so blind that they will never seewho the person really is inside and how he/she is trulyfeeling or what he/she may be thinking. Society usually hasa part in deciding how the male and the female will be andthe roles that they take up in their relationship together. In this case, it seems as if Castro and Zoraida were givencertain roles to play in the story. It has to do with theirenvironment when they were growing up and how they wereraised. The way they were treated was the result of how theyturned out to be when they got older. Castro being themacho and confident male figure while Zoraida being thequiet and the coy female figure, there was no balance withtheir personalities. One would always be stronger than theother. Zoraida accepted her life for what it was and as thefemale role that she played, she would have to be obedientto her husband while he tried to take control of himself andhis wife.

To Clone Or Not To Clone Essays - Biology, Cloning,

To Clone or not to Clone The discovery of cloning can be both beneficial and harmful to society. There are many reasonable methods of cloning. For instance, the use of cloning for medical purposes can be helpful in taking human DNA and creating new body parts. Because of the shortage of donors, this could become a valuable asset to our society. Cloning of human body parts can also be harmful if it gets into the wrong hands. Cloning should be controlled by the government to the extent there is no possible way it will be misused. Cloning in the field of medicine could have practical applications. For example, genes from humans that produce necessary proteins could be included in the animal DNA so that the animal would produce that protein in its milk or blood. That protein could then be extracted and used in treatment for various human diseases or disorders. This could lead to the prevention and/or cure for AIDS and cancer. Genetic defects could also be cured with cloning technology. A genetic defect is a mutation in which the DNA has been altered and caused an abnormality in the body. People who wish to have a child could be tested for possible mutations in the DNA, and a genetic solution could be created and injected into the still developing egg. Mutations are natural, but when an abnormality occurs its a hard thing for a person to live with. Through cloning technology, genetic defects could be treated enabling the person affected the possibility of longer life. When transplants are needed, it could give p hysicians the ability to create body parts through DNA. For example, a kidney can be grown outside the body using the patients own DNA and used in a transplant without the fear of rejection. Although correcting genes and creating body parts is good, I think it would be harmful for a human to be cloned. For instance, a child that is born from a cloned embryo would have a picture taken of him/her, along with a description of the child and placed in a sales catalog. The prospective parents could choose the child they want, order its embryo, and implant it into the womans womb. After nine months the couple would have their dream child. Another instance from human cloning could be that a black market for embryos would arise. In this situation infertile couples could buy a frozen cloned embryo that was stolen or was to be discarded in order to have a child. Human cloning could also be harmful in the decline of genetic diversity. If everyone has the same genetic material, what happens if we lose the ability to clone? We would have to resort to natural reproduction, causing us to inbreed, which will cause many problems. Moral issues could also raise questions that cloning does n ot respect that humans have souls and we are taught to believe each one of us is unique. I think the discovery of cloning is very interesting but, also has many unanswered questions. There are things that need to be sorted out such as, Who can use cloning? and How it will be controlled? It would be terrible to think that the wrong people would abuse such a discovery.